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good morning or afternoon everyone

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welcome to the nai director seminar this

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is going to be the last director seminar

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before the summer break and we'll pick

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it up again at the end of September we

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are really privileged today to have

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David Blake of the nai aims team with us

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Dave as I'm sure most of the people

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listening to this and watching this know

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is the principal investigator on the

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chemin instrument which is going to fly

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to Mars on the Mars Science Laboratory

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and I was just looking at Dave's

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background and I think he has probably

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been a principal investigator and just

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about every RNA program addressing

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planetary science and astrobiology that

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nASA has ever had he's been a p.i in the

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exobiology program cosmochemistry

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ancient Mars meteorite program ace did

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Mars instrument development program

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upper atmosphere research program list

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just goes on and on so dave has had

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quite a successful career here at NASA

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he has in fact been here at NASA NASA

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Ames since he became an NRC fellow in

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1986 and has had a very distinguished

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career including presently being chief

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of the exobiology branch here at the

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center he has a bachelor's in biological

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sciences from Stanford and a master's in

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geological sciences from Michigan and a

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PhD in mineralogy from Michigan so Dave

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again represents the kind of

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interdisciplinarity within a single

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individual that we think we've invented

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here at nai but obviously it was

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invented long before us I people like

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Dave so without further ado I'll turn it

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over today bike thank actually i think

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it was invented here because my advisor

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when i graduated he the best thing he

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could say about me with that i was

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neither fish nor fowl whatever that

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means hopefully hopefully something good

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well I i wanted to talk a bit today

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about the chemin instrument and msl and

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one

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know that NASA wants all of us

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scientists to getting more involved with

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missions and I know the nii here at Ames

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is trying to do that by getting involved

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with Kevin and with ms l and I wanted

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all for that opportunity to do anyone

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who wanted to do that so let me begin by

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speaking a bit about about msl and what

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it is is going to mostly be boilerplate

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because I hope that you you know about

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that already and then I'll get into the

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chemin instrument and how this might be

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useful for what you folks are doing so

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okay let's start off well a NASA

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exploration program this is this is also

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pretty much boilerplate presently

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Phoenix is on the ground in getting some

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pretty good data and october two

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thousand nine is the launch of Mars

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Science Laboratory and it'll land in

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mid-2010 and be active on the surface

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hopefully for at least two years and

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then what happens after that no one

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knows depending upon what discoveries we

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make and and what NASA policy is at that

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time well msl and chemin science goals

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the MSL science objective is to explore

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and quantitatively assess a local region

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on the Mars surface as a potential

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habitat for past or present life and

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there are four main science objectives

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assess the biological potential of a one

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target environment characterized the

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geology and geochemistry of the landed

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region investigate processes of

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relevance to past habitability and

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characterize surface radiation chemin is

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going to be involved in three of those

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goals to starred ones here assess the

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biological potential characterize

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geology investigate processes relevant

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to past habitability so just to show you

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what MSL looks like in comparison to mur

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it's a lot bigger this is ms l in the

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front and the main difference aside from

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size you can see is

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msl is operated with a radio thermal

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generator so its nuclear powered MSL is

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run or rather amigas or run by solar

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there's a size comparison i don't know

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if anybody really understands just how

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big this thing is but it just about

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dwarfs of mini cooper and i've never

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seen this close up but i've seen some of

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the onesies for testing the landing and

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the top of the surface just about his

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chest high on me and these wheels are

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about half a half a meter in diameter so

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it's it's big they started out there

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were coming up on our third landing site

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workshop the first landing site workshop

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there were something like 30 or 40

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individual sites proposed and these were

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investigated by high rise and some of

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the other orbital assets on Mars and

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they've been window down to six with the

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potential seven and you can look on the

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web and see what's interesting about

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each of these sites but they all have to

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do with either with water with with

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either phyllosilicates or with the

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sulfates here's the MSL payload there's

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there's four elements to it there's a

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remote sensing element which has a mask

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am similar to what the mers have a chem

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cam which is a Laser ionization tool

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where you can actually see compositions

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at a distance then there are contacts

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instruments including the Molly Kenna

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Jets instrument which is for microscopic

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imaging it's like a geologist hand lens

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the apxs which is flown on the Merse and

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it will tell you elemental composition

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and then inside the body of the rover

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there are two analytical instruments the

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Sam instrument which is a GC mass spec

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from Paul Mahaffy at Goddard that's kind

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of like the 500-pound gorilla on the

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payload then Kevin is also inside there

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and it's about a 10 kilogram xrd XRF

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instrument and then right around the

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around the outside of the land

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or the rover there's the Marty

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instrument which is strictly for descent

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imagery there's the Rams instrument

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which is a meteorology tool for

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determining wind speed and so forth

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there's the rad instrument which tells

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you about radiation on the surface and

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then there's the Dan instrument which is

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a neutron generator and detector to

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determine subsurface hydrogen and I was

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talking to Dmitry metropolis and the

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interesting thing about the Dan is that

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this really is swords to plowshares

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because the neutron generator and that

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thing is a nuclear trigger from a

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Russian atomic bomb so I thought that

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was I was pretty interesting I'd like to

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see the u.s. pull that kind of a thing

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off on a Russian mission okay let's get

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to chemin well the I'm the pie and it's

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being built by JPL but it's it's coming

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out of an answer research center there

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is a microphone okis x-ray tube that

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produces a small beam about 50 microns

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in diameter that goes through pennell

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collimator to illuminate the the sample

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sale here which consists of two thin

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plastic windows with fine grain material

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in between and then the photons are

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detected by this x-ray sensitive ccd and

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i'll talk more about this later but just

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to say now that chemin is able to do

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definitive mineralogy and be able to

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determine all possible all the minerals

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that are on Mars and if we don't know if

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we find a mineral that we didn't see

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before we'll be able to name it and tell

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you what it is here's the most recent

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picture of the rover the main things

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that have changed our things around the

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SAS bow on the arm here nothing to much

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of interest chemin is sitting inside the

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rover and there's a little access port

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right about here when they generate

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material for us they open a little

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access port dump in the material and

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then we analyze it so here's the summary

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of spreadsheet of Investigations versus

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objectives these are all the objectives

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on this

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of what MSL was supposed to do and

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here's the the various ways that the

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instruments support those objectives so

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you can see there's a lot of redundancy

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in the package and that's kind of like

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what they were going for so not like to

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go into the mineralogy aspect to this

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why do we care about mineralogy on Mars

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mineralogy is it really the only means

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to lucid eight environments in the

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geologically ancient past minerals are

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thermodynamic phases and by that I mean

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that they form under certain conditions

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of temperature pressure and Composition

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and by seeing a mineral with it you can

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tell what pressure temperature and

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Composition surrounded it when it was

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formed the second thing that's that

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helps us is that solid state

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transformations are sluggish so minerals

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quite often stay in an unrequited state

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after their forms so we can see them and

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know what condition they were formed and

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even even though they're present now in

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a different condition so if you happen

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to find a diamond on the ground which

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would be a good thing you could say that

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that diamond was not formed in that

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environment it was informed in a

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high-pressure environment somewhere else

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secondly our thirdly rather relic

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biological information might be cryptic

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and so you need to have mineralogy to

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find the rocks that may have a relic by

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bio information inside of them so

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mineralogy is a good tool to find what

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rocks might contain bio signatures

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within them and then lastly weathering

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and diagenesis might only leave the

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mineral component of a biological

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process the the phrase I like to say is

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that anything older than a few million

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years on Mars is either going to be Iraq

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or it's only going to be interpreted

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well in terms of the rocks that contain

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it so let's talk about mineralogy in the

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context of some rocks that were seen by

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the rover's here you see a table of a

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bunch of rocks from Gusev crater these

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are watched what called watched our

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class rocks there's Keystone keel davis

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Watchtower Pequod and pero

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and you can see from the apx data here

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they're all pretty much the same

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chemically so if you do a px of all of

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these rocks they all pretty much look

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the same but over here you see mas power

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results and each one of these colors

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represents a different iron mineral and

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you can see that the mineralogy of these

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rocks at least when looked at from a

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mineralogical perspective they from from

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the iron minerals rather are very

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diverse so mineralogy will tell you the

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dye vs. but the diverse environments of

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a surface whereas chemical composition

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alone might not so here's the chemin

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principle chemin stands for chemistry

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and mineralogy it uses x-ray diffraction

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for mineralogical determinations x-ray

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fluorescence for elemental

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characterization a single detector for

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both measurements and no moving parts in

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about 20 milligrams sample size so it's

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a little bit smaller than a baby aspirin

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tablet size of sample so now I'll give

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you a little brief insight into how it

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works cobalt x-ray tube microfocus tube

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it a beam starts here at about 50

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microns diameter there is a pinhole

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kilometer which produces a collimated

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proximately 50 micron source it goes

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through a thin too thin plastic films

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which contain the sample between them

275
00:12:37,150 --> 00:12:33,800
the sample consists of 150 microns and

276
00:12:40,180 --> 00:12:37,160
below crush powders and this whole thing

277
00:12:42,580 --> 00:12:40,190
is shaken so that the the powder flows

278
00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:42,590
like liquid inside this cell so that in

279
00:12:47,950 --> 00:12:45,170
over a period of time all the grains

280
00:12:50,050 --> 00:12:47,960
fast through this tiny beam in random

281
00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:50,060
orientations and as they pass through

282
00:12:55,510 --> 00:12:52,850
the beam two possible things can happen

283
00:12:57,850 --> 00:12:55,520
nothing can happen of course but one

284
00:12:59,890 --> 00:12:57,860
possible thing is diffraction and the

285
00:13:04,120 --> 00:12:59,900
diffracted beam the form these lousy

286
00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:04,130
rings on the ccd detector here the

287
00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:06,050
second thing that can happen is that you

288
00:13:11,410 --> 00:13:09,530
can get x-ray fluorescence and photons

289
00:13:13,480 --> 00:13:11,420
are emitted from the sample which have

290
00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:13,490
energies which tell you what element

291
00:13:17,290 --> 00:13:16,130
elements are in the sample and so this

292
00:13:20,139 --> 00:13:17,300
detector can

293
00:13:23,410 --> 00:13:20,149
both of those signals at once if you if

294
00:13:26,110 --> 00:13:23,420
you do a dative plot which is basically

295
00:13:28,480 --> 00:13:26,120
from the center outwards of these

296
00:13:30,970 --> 00:13:28,490
photons that are striking the Rings then

297
00:13:34,230 --> 00:13:30,980
you will get this this thing here this

298
00:13:37,750 --> 00:13:34,240
one dimensional plot diffractograms and

299
00:13:39,130 --> 00:13:37,760
this will tell you what spacings are

300
00:13:41,769 --> 00:13:39,140
present in all the minerals that are

301
00:13:43,509 --> 00:13:41,779
contained in the sample if you just take

302
00:13:45,340 --> 00:13:43,519
all the energies of the photons and

303
00:13:47,620 --> 00:13:45,350
strike the chip and make a histogram

304
00:13:49,269 --> 00:13:47,630
down here this will tell you all the

305
00:13:51,130 --> 00:13:49,279
elements at our present so with these

306
00:13:53,079 --> 00:13:51,140
two measurements you can tell the

307
00:13:55,540 --> 00:13:53,089
composition and scent of the sample from

308
00:13:56,829 --> 00:13:55,550
the x-ray fluorescence and the structure

309
00:14:01,300 --> 00:13:56,839
of the sample from the diffraction

310
00:14:03,430 --> 00:14:01,310
information so now that we know that

311
00:14:05,230 --> 00:14:03,440
what what we know the geometry it's a

312
00:14:07,509 --> 00:14:05,240
transmission geometry now we have to

313
00:14:09,579 --> 00:14:07,519
worry about the details of where do we

314
00:14:12,340 --> 00:14:09,589
want to look what what to theta angles

315
00:14:14,259 --> 00:14:12,350
what range what resolution we know that

316
00:14:16,780 --> 00:14:14,269
we would like to see in the low to theta

317
00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:16,790
regions because we want to see clays and

318
00:14:21,220 --> 00:14:18,110
that's where the principal peaks of

319
00:14:23,590 --> 00:14:21,230
clays are located here's xrd pattern of

320
00:14:25,210 --> 00:14:23,600
smectite and you can see this is the

321
00:14:27,730 --> 00:14:25,220
principle peak of smectite and that's

322
00:14:30,340 --> 00:14:27,740
located down around five or six degrees

323
00:14:32,980 --> 00:14:30,350
two theta so we want to have an angular

324
00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:32,990
range that will encompass place we also

325
00:14:39,639 --> 00:14:34,730
want to go out far enough to encompass

326
00:14:41,560 --> 00:14:39,649
other other minerals of interest so we

327
00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:41,570
this is a little bit of Monday morning

328
00:14:44,860 --> 00:14:43,310
quarterbacking we actually knew where we

329
00:14:46,630 --> 00:14:44,870
wanted to go with this instrument but

330
00:14:50,530 --> 00:14:46,640
when we went through the science peer

331
00:14:53,319 --> 00:14:50,540
review down at JPL to justify our to

332
00:14:55,449 --> 00:14:53,329
theta range we took a mineral model of

333
00:14:58,540 --> 00:14:55,459
the piece outcrop and the Columbia Hills

334
00:15:00,400 --> 00:14:58,550
done by Doug Ming this shows you each

335
00:15:02,650 --> 00:15:00,410
one of the minerals that were present in

336
00:15:05,519 --> 00:15:02,660
that model forsterite which is an

337
00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:05,529
olivene augite which is a Pyrrhic seen

338
00:15:11,530 --> 00:15:07,660
labradorite which is a feldspar

339
00:15:13,660 --> 00:15:11,540
magnetite claire appetite Kizer right

340
00:15:16,300 --> 00:15:13,670
gypsum and this is all of them together

341
00:15:19,480 --> 00:15:16,310
this shows the major peaks all these

342
00:15:21,340 --> 00:15:19,490
small lines for each mineral you can see

343
00:15:22,990 --> 00:15:21,350
there are very complex ones like the

344
00:15:25,660 --> 00:15:23,000
labradorite which has a lot of lines

345
00:15:28,389 --> 00:15:25,670
together simple ones like magnetite

346
00:15:31,150 --> 00:15:28,399
which is a cubic feet or rather cubic

347
00:15:33,670 --> 00:15:31,160
phase when you put them all together you

348
00:15:35,470 --> 00:15:33,680
kind of a mishmash here and the main

349
00:15:38,050 --> 00:15:35,480
point we wanted to make with this is

350
00:15:41,650 --> 00:15:38,060
that if you look at the two theta range

351
00:15:43,329 --> 00:15:41,660
from about 5 out to about 50 you can get

352
00:15:46,540 --> 00:15:43,339
all the major peaks of interest for

353
00:15:49,059 --> 00:15:46,550
these phases okay so let's go on to look

354
00:15:51,730 --> 00:15:49,069
at what kind of we know we know the

355
00:15:54,639 --> 00:15:51,740
range of 2 theta we want what kind of

356
00:15:56,050 --> 00:15:54,649
resolution do we want and we can't just

357
00:15:58,210 --> 00:15:56,060
have the best resolution possible

358
00:16:01,090 --> 00:15:58,220
because resolution is inversely

359
00:16:03,730 --> 00:16:01,100
proportional to count rate so we want to

360
00:16:06,759 --> 00:16:03,740
have the basically the worst resolution

361
00:16:10,420 --> 00:16:06,769
that will give us the answer that we can

362
00:16:14,050 --> 00:16:10,430
live with so what we did is we we made a

363
00:16:17,350 --> 00:16:14,060
model of these minerals and use various

364
00:16:19,660 --> 00:16:17,360
resolutions here from point 3 I know you

365
00:16:22,210 --> 00:16:19,670
can't see the colors here all together

366
00:16:24,699 --> 00:16:22,220
with 0 point 3 to about point six

367
00:16:27,730 --> 00:16:24,709
degrees two theta and if we go to the

368
00:16:30,579 --> 00:16:27,740
next slide here we'll just look at a

369
00:16:33,220 --> 00:16:30,589
small range from 30 to 32 degrees two

370
00:16:35,069 --> 00:16:33,230
theta you can see that as we go from

371
00:16:38,410 --> 00:16:35,079
about point three degrees two theta

372
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:38,420
downward we start to lose the ability to

373
00:16:44,499 --> 00:16:40,610
distinguish these peaks and therefore to

374
00:16:46,150 --> 00:16:44,509
distinguish these minerals so we were as

375
00:16:49,150 --> 00:16:46,160
we would like to have the very best

376
00:16:51,790 --> 00:16:49,160
possible resolution on this instrument

377
00:16:53,889 --> 00:16:51,800
we can put up with between about point

378
00:16:56,350 --> 00:16:53,899
three and point three five and actually

379
00:17:00,280 --> 00:16:56,360
do the job and just for comparison a

380
00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:00,290
laboratory diffractometer that you might

381
00:17:05,409 --> 00:17:03,050
buy has a full with half max of about

382
00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:05,419
point one so we're about three times

383
00:17:09,850 --> 00:17:07,520
worse than a laboratory diffractometer

384
00:17:13,179 --> 00:17:09,860
but nevertheless we're able to do what

385
00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:13,189
we say we can do and here's an example

386
00:17:21,340 --> 00:17:17,240
of a data set from from a typical chemin

387
00:17:24,100 --> 00:17:21,350
run here's the 2d energy filtered xrd

388
00:17:27,039 --> 00:17:24,110
pattern and here is the diffractograms

389
00:17:29,620 --> 00:17:27,049
that was obtained from that pattern this

390
00:17:31,690 --> 00:17:29,630
is what's called a repelled refinement

391
00:17:34,510 --> 00:17:31,700
which is a both pattern fitting with

392
00:17:37,210 --> 00:17:34,520
lise where's refinement and by doing

393
00:17:40,539 --> 00:17:37,220
this kind of a quantitative analysis you

394
00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:40,549
can get a fully quantitative analysis of

395
00:17:46,300 --> 00:17:42,890
all the minerals that are present there

396
00:17:48,010 --> 00:17:46,310
this was done by Dave fish at Indiana

397
00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:48,020
University who's one of the people on

398
00:17:53,140 --> 00:17:50,570
our team you can also get friending more

399
00:17:54,820 --> 00:17:53,150
than about ten percent president about

400
00:17:57,460 --> 00:17:54,830
ten percent composition you can get

401
00:17:59,170 --> 00:17:57,470
refined lattice parameters and with

402
00:18:01,450 --> 00:17:59,180
refined lattice parameters with things

403
00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:01,460
like olive eens you can tell the iron

404
00:18:06,460 --> 00:18:03,890
magnesium ratio and so forth and then

405
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:06,470
here's the x-ray fluorescence pattern

406
00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:08,510
from this sample this particular camera

407
00:18:12,520 --> 00:18:10,850
have a bit of iron contamination we want

408
00:18:15,220 --> 00:18:12,530
to really have that issue on a myself

409
00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:15,230
but that's what a standard data set will

410
00:18:23,470 --> 00:18:20,330
look like now now that we know what full

411
00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:23,480
range and all that is necessary what

412
00:18:28,780 --> 00:18:25,610
kind of accuracy and precision do we

413
00:18:32,230 --> 00:18:28,790
want this shows the accuracy of the

414
00:18:34,780 --> 00:18:32,240
chemcam instrument and the apxs and the

415
00:18:36,310 --> 00:18:34,790
precision and we picked an accuracy of

416
00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:36,320
about fifteen percent of the amount

417
00:18:41,110 --> 00:18:38,600
present we can actually do better than

418
00:18:42,580 --> 00:18:41,120
that but this is our requirement this is

419
00:18:47,620 --> 00:18:42,590
what we have to show in order to be

420
00:18:51,010 --> 00:18:47,630
fully responsive to to to our contract

421
00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:51,020
and a ten percent precision with a

422
00:18:54,790 --> 00:18:52,970
minimum detection level of about three

423
00:18:56,500 --> 00:18:54,800
percent and we can actually do better

424
00:19:02,260 --> 00:18:56,510
than this but this is what we signed up

425
00:19:04,420 --> 00:19:02,270
for here's a couple of examples this is

426
00:19:08,170 --> 00:19:04,430
a Hawaiian soil collected collected by

427
00:19:10,840 --> 00:19:08,180
Dick Morris it shows the minerals

428
00:19:13,360 --> 00:19:10,850
present down here this shows what are

429
00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:13,370
our trial horse chemin pour instrument

430
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:15,650
was able to obtain this is a standard

431
00:19:20,290 --> 00:19:18,710
x-ray diffractometer analysis this is

432
00:19:22,750 --> 00:19:20,300
the percentage difference between the

433
00:19:26,080 --> 00:19:22,760
two and this is our evaluation so

434
00:19:29,860 --> 00:19:26,090
basically all of the phases that are

435
00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:29,870
above three percent are within fifteen

436
00:19:35,620 --> 00:19:33,350
percent this same orfice face here we

437
00:19:37,450 --> 00:19:35,630
had a little difficulty with and we knew

438
00:19:39,580 --> 00:19:37,460
all along we have difficulty with

439
00:19:42,190 --> 00:19:39,590
amorphous materials and we're developing

440
00:19:44,950 --> 00:19:42,200
models for that the rough these are

441
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:44,960
below the minimum detection limits with

442
00:19:49,450 --> 00:19:47,210
with exception of kaolin iden and clays

443
00:19:51,010 --> 00:19:49,460
were we can't quite do what we say we

444
00:19:55,750 --> 00:19:51,020
can do we're more like ten percent with

445
00:19:57,340 --> 00:19:55,760
plays here's another example is a

446
00:19:59,770 --> 00:19:57,350
synthetic clay bettering

447
00:20:03,700 --> 00:19:59,780
right and here again there's none

448
00:20:06,130 --> 00:20:03,710
tonight gypsum halite hematite that's

449
00:20:08,470 --> 00:20:06,140
what Kevin for data produced that's the

450
00:20:10,930 --> 00:20:08,480
known mixture and this is the deviation

451
00:20:13,029 --> 00:20:10,940
in percent and these are all within our

452
00:20:19,029 --> 00:20:13,039
stated precision and accuracy of

453
00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:19,039
analysis okay so I was interested to see

454
00:20:23,140 --> 00:20:20,570
what we could do with some amorphous

455
00:20:24,789 --> 00:20:23,150
materials so I got together I don't

456
00:20:26,680 --> 00:20:24,799
really think you can probably see the

457
00:20:28,539 --> 00:20:26,690
labels very well but I got together as

458
00:20:32,039 --> 00:20:28,549
many Amorphis silica materials as I

459
00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:32,049
could this was to kind of look at

460
00:20:37,360 --> 00:20:34,610
similar materials to thee to the

461
00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:37,370
amorphous silica that they saw at home

462
00:20:45,789 --> 00:20:41,090
plate in maury so the lot the lines here

463
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:45,799
you see there's opal a which is right

464
00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:47,510
there let's see I believe that so play

465
00:20:54,840 --> 00:20:51,650
right there opal CT a few silica in the

466
00:20:59,399 --> 00:20:54,850
red and guys are right in the dark blue

467
00:21:02,110 --> 00:20:59,409
down here here's a fulgurite which is a

468
00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:02,120
lightning strike amorphis ports it's

469
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:05,230
when lightning strikes san sandstone

470
00:21:11,860 --> 00:21:08,510
then there's moldavite here moldavite is

471
00:21:14,529 --> 00:21:11,870
from Moldavia Czechoslovakia that's

472
00:21:17,020 --> 00:21:14,539
basically a tektite like material caused

473
00:21:19,529 --> 00:21:17,030
by me right impact and then here's a

474
00:21:24,340 --> 00:21:19,539
tektite that I bought at the AG you and

475
00:21:28,210 --> 00:21:24,350
then over here is a couple of ash ash

476
00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:28,220
fall tips from New Mexico so basically

477
00:21:31,659 --> 00:21:29,450
the point I want to make even without

478
00:21:33,010 --> 00:21:31,669
looking into the details is every single

479
00:21:35,230 --> 00:21:33,020
one of these is different and we can

480
00:21:37,409 --> 00:21:35,240
quantitatively analyze even amorphous

481
00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:37,419
materials and tell you what they are

482
00:21:42,940 --> 00:21:40,370
okay so let's move on a bit here here's

483
00:21:45,580 --> 00:21:42,950
a little heritage of what of what we've

484
00:21:49,390 --> 00:21:45,590
done since 1991 this was our first

485
00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:49,400
instrument built off big Phillips tube

486
00:21:53,470 --> 00:21:51,770
tower the weight of the instruments 500

487
00:21:57,700 --> 00:21:53,480
kilograms that obviously was going to go

488
00:22:00,220 --> 00:21:57,710
anywhere on 2002 we got a bit better

489
00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:00,230
x-ray tube and power supply we dropped

490
00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:03,970
wait a little bit to 100 kilograms and

491
00:22:09,130 --> 00:22:06,650
2004 when we started getting our major

492
00:22:10,150 --> 00:22:09,140
funding we were able to make a field

493
00:22:13,450 --> 00:22:10,160
instrument which

494
00:22:15,070 --> 00:22:13,460
about 30 kilograms and we actually took

495
00:22:17,650 --> 00:22:15,080
this out to death valley and did some

496
00:22:20,050 --> 00:22:17,660
tests with it from there we moved on in

497
00:22:22,930 --> 00:22:20,060
two directions this was used as a trial

498
00:22:25,030 --> 00:22:22,940
horse to build the Mars instrument which

499
00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:25,040
is over here it's actually being put

500
00:22:31,150 --> 00:22:27,290
together now and will be delivered by

501
00:22:32,500 --> 00:22:31,160
JPL in September and it's pretty pretty

502
00:22:34,420 --> 00:22:32,510
interesting to go down and clean room

503
00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:34,430
and put a little your cleanroom garb on

504
00:22:38,740 --> 00:22:36,650
and let's see what they're up to it's

505
00:22:41,740 --> 00:22:38,750
like having your own space shuttle bill

506
00:22:43,780 --> 00:22:41,750
for you it's just a lot of fun over here

507
00:22:46,030 --> 00:22:43,790
shows the second course we went with

508
00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:46,040
this Philippe Sarah's and who was my

509
00:22:50,770 --> 00:22:48,890
postdoc years ago started a little

510
00:22:53,380 --> 00:22:50,780
company called in situ in Mountain View

511
00:22:56,980 --> 00:22:53,390
and he's still working with me he's a co

512
00:22:58,690 --> 00:22:56,990
I on chemin and he's building these what

513
00:23:01,090 --> 00:22:58,700
we're now calling Tara instruments which

514
00:23:03,070 --> 00:23:01,100
are merciless a labelled and they are

515
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:03,080
instruments with the same geometry as

516
00:23:07,510 --> 00:23:06,110
the chemin instrument but can be taken

517
00:23:11,140 --> 00:23:07,520
in the field they're filled ruggedized

518
00:23:15,430 --> 00:23:11,150
and and user-friendly so let's go on

519
00:23:17,530 --> 00:23:15,440
here's our to our trial horses this is

520
00:23:20,590 --> 00:23:17,540
our chem and for instrument which we use

521
00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:20,600
to benchmark the MSL instrument then

522
00:23:24,550 --> 00:23:22,490
this is a bit more user-friendly

523
00:23:26,650 --> 00:23:24,560
instrument are Terra instrument that's

524
00:23:30,790 --> 00:23:26,660
that we took out in the field for the

525
00:23:35,140 --> 00:23:30,800
first time in Spitsbergen last year this

526
00:23:36,550 --> 00:23:35,150
one wait about 30 kilograms and bishan

527
00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:36,560
ik daar dunnnnn off a mountain in

528
00:23:41,140 --> 00:23:39,110
Spitsbergen in 2006 and about I about

529
00:23:43,330 --> 00:23:41,150
died I knew that was not going to be the

530
00:23:45,250 --> 00:23:43,340
way we were going to go so that was a

531
00:23:47,230 --> 00:23:45,260
major driving force for getting down to

532
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:47,240
something a bit smaller which is over

533
00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:49,910
here this is still not easy to carry

534
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:52,450
around it's about 15 kilograms but

535
00:23:58,120 --> 00:23:54,410
certainly a lot better than it used to

536
00:24:01,780 --> 00:23:58,130
be so here's a comparison with what is

537
00:24:03,850 --> 00:24:01,790
available commercially this is a portion

538
00:24:06,010 --> 00:24:03,860
of a rigaku mini flex instrument and

539
00:24:07,870 --> 00:24:06,020
what you don't see in the picture is a

540
00:24:09,910 --> 00:24:07,880
one kilowatt generator and a water

541
00:24:12,190 --> 00:24:09,920
circulator that has to also be set up

542
00:24:16,570 --> 00:24:12,200
with it and this is Ron Peterson the

543
00:24:18,460 --> 00:24:16,580
discoverer of meridiani aight up in

544
00:24:20,290 --> 00:24:18,470
canada in the wintertime so we went up

545
00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:20,300
with him this year and this is what he

546
00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:21,170
took and this is

547
00:24:26,890 --> 00:24:24,770
the incision Tara instrument so the this

548
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:26,900
instrument is about ten to a hundred

549
00:24:30,820 --> 00:24:28,910
times smaller and all that other

550
00:24:35,050 --> 00:24:30,830
business than than anything else it's

551
00:24:38,050 --> 00:24:35,060
available here's Dave fish this is the

552
00:24:41,050 --> 00:24:38,060
first time when we took chemin for out

553
00:24:43,630 --> 00:24:41,060
to Death Valley to just do some cameo

554
00:24:45,730 --> 00:24:43,640
shots and do some demos we didn't really

555
00:24:48,490 --> 00:24:45,740
take it out there with the idea of doing

556
00:24:50,740 --> 00:24:48,500
science we really took it out there I

557
00:24:52,270 --> 00:24:50,750
wouldn't say as a publicity stunt but

558
00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:52,280
just to show we could do it to show we

559
00:24:57,310 --> 00:24:54,170
could actually take in and swim the

560
00:25:00,940 --> 00:24:57,320
field of gather data Spitsbergen small

561
00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:00,950
barred in 2006 we came out here to

562
00:25:07,360 --> 00:25:04,250
really do science so here's Dave fish on

563
00:25:09,910 --> 00:25:07,370
the top of Sierra fell with our chemin

564
00:25:11,740 --> 00:25:09,920
for instrument its first time anyone

565
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:11,750
ever did a quantitative analysis in the

566
00:25:16,630 --> 00:25:14,210
field and what we found is there are

567
00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:16,640
some really useful things you can do you

568
00:25:20,710 --> 00:25:18,590
can actually actively generate

569
00:25:22,630 --> 00:25:20,720
hypotheses and test them in the field

570
00:25:25,810 --> 00:25:22,640
along with other people using other

571
00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:25,820
techniques you can identify ephemeral

572
00:25:29,470 --> 00:25:27,470
phases that aren't going to last longer

573
00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:29,480
than a few minutes or a few hours

574
00:25:34,030 --> 00:25:31,310
certainly not long enough to take them

575
00:25:36,940 --> 00:25:34,040
to the lab and you can go through just a

576
00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:36,950
myriad of samples and find samples that

577
00:25:40,540 --> 00:25:38,690
you really want and not have to carry

578
00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:40,550
back the samples that you don't want and

579
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:44,330
this particularly is interesting for for

580
00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:46,010
example Doug Ming told me when he took

581
00:25:50,410 --> 00:25:48,370
our instrument down to Antarctica

582
00:25:52,330 --> 00:25:50,420
sometimes they don't get their samples

583
00:25:53,980 --> 00:25:52,340
back for a year so it's very good to

584
00:25:55,420 --> 00:25:53,990
make sure you know what you want and

585
00:25:59,290 --> 00:25:55,430
actually get some information on those

586
00:26:02,920 --> 00:25:59,300
samples when you're in the field so

587
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:02,930
here's next year this is our chemin a

588
00:26:07,510 --> 00:26:05,810
rather are Terra instrument this this

589
00:26:09,730 --> 00:26:07,520
instrument actually philippe Saracen

590
00:26:11,830 --> 00:26:09,740
took this from a napkin drawing to

591
00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:11,840
carrying this on the airplane in six

592
00:26:17,890 --> 00:26:14,570
months and it's a very same instrument I

593
00:26:21,250 --> 00:26:17,900
have today this is on that same mountain

594
00:26:23,230 --> 00:26:21,260
up in Svalbard if you don't know where

595
00:26:25,050 --> 00:26:23,240
it is this is Pittsburgh and its way

596
00:26:28,660 --> 00:26:25,060
north this is the Arctic Circle here

597
00:26:30,250 --> 00:26:28,670
this is way up at about 80 north and the

598
00:26:32,500 --> 00:26:30,260
reason had that gun in the

599
00:26:34,010 --> 00:26:32,510
previous slide is because you really do

600
00:26:36,050 --> 00:26:34,020
have to watch out for polar bears

601
00:26:37,790 --> 00:26:36,060
up there we were actually interrupted by

602
00:26:40,310 --> 00:26:37,800
polar bears a couple of times while we

603
00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:40,320
were doing work here's our first example

604
00:26:46,880 --> 00:26:44,910
of what Spitsbergen anyway of why it's

605
00:26:49,310 --> 00:26:46,890
important to do mineralogy in the field

606
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:49,320
and I know you can't see the details of

607
00:26:53,480 --> 00:26:51,810
these two patterns but but you can see

608
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:53,490
right here you can see a couple of Peaks

609
00:26:59,740 --> 00:26:56,010
here and over here you see three peaks

610
00:27:02,420 --> 00:26:59,750
well this is basically a calcite pattern

611
00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:02,430
this was taken aboard ship a few hours

612
00:27:07,490 --> 00:27:04,530
after we collected the sample and this

613
00:27:09,530 --> 00:27:07,500
one on the left was collected at troll

614
00:27:13,010 --> 00:27:09,540
hot springs or I guess you'd call it

615
00:27:16,010 --> 00:27:13,020
warm springs and this line right here

616
00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:16,020
and a few others are indicative of mono

617
00:27:22,190 --> 00:27:18,330
hydrocal site so we were able to find a

618
00:27:24,050 --> 00:27:22,200
an ephemeral phase here that was not

619
00:27:27,980 --> 00:27:24,060
present even when we gotten it in the

620
00:27:29,990 --> 00:27:27,990
boats and got back to the ship second

621
00:27:33,260 --> 00:27:30,000
thing we did up there we had Steve

622
00:27:36,460 --> 00:27:33,270
Squyres along four four four two weeks

623
00:27:38,860 --> 00:27:36,470
of it and we actually ran kind of a mock

624
00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:38,870
mission to Mars kind of a scenario where

625
00:27:45,140 --> 00:27:42,210
Steve Squyres and and the science

626
00:27:47,570 --> 00:27:45,150
operations working group that we defined

627
00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:47,580
state aboard ship and a party when abort

628
00:27:51,590 --> 00:27:49,290
went ashore with the instruments and

629
00:27:54,530 --> 00:27:51,600
what they did is they went to a place

630
00:27:57,830 --> 00:27:54,540
that we'd supposedly never seen took

631
00:28:00,530 --> 00:27:57,840
images the way a rover would took data

632
00:28:04,970 --> 00:28:00,540
the way the instruments would would take

633
00:28:06,350 --> 00:28:04,980
data on MSL and sent that data back to

634
00:28:08,810 --> 00:28:06,360
us and then we were in this little

635
00:28:11,450 --> 00:28:08,820
enclosed room figuring out what to do

636
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:11,460
next where to go and this shows you some

637
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:13,770
of the data this is kevin data collected

638
00:28:19,580 --> 00:28:17,010
we decided to go this rock i personally

639
00:28:21,650 --> 00:28:19,590
thought it was a patch of snow so we

640
00:28:25,850 --> 00:28:21,660
called it snowy rock turned out to be

641
00:28:28,130 --> 00:28:25,860
some kind of a granitic nice and when we

642
00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:28,140
went there we analyzed that that's and

643
00:28:33,380 --> 00:28:29,970
so we knew what it was that was pretty

644
00:28:35,090 --> 00:28:33,390
boring stuff Paul Mahaffy decided to

645
00:28:37,240 --> 00:28:35,100
analyze there were actually some lichens

646
00:28:40,820 --> 00:28:37,250
on here so he tried out his Sam

647
00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:40,830
equivalent on the lichens and this

648
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:42,930
stuff's pretty boring to us so we went

649
00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:45,410
looked at the soil beneath the

650
00:28:49,780 --> 00:28:47,690
smelly rock which shows a lot of

651
00:28:51,910 --> 00:28:49,790
amorphous material and some olivene and

652
00:28:53,560 --> 00:28:51,920
so forth and then we moved on to a

653
00:28:56,380 --> 00:28:53,570
little outcrop that was not too far away

654
00:29:01,030 --> 00:28:56,390
from here and this outcrop actually

655
00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:01,040
contained indications of some hydrosol

656
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:03,050
alterations so it had some magnesite

657
00:29:08,410 --> 00:29:06,410
presence so we were able to aboard ship

658
00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:08,420
go through the scenario of doing this

659
00:29:12,790 --> 00:29:10,370
with a rover and actually find a place

660
00:29:17,650 --> 00:29:12,800
of interest and go on sample there so

661
00:29:19,870 --> 00:29:17,660
that's that's the story with that that's

662
00:29:21,550 --> 00:29:19,880
out to be a pretty successful campaign

663
00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:21,560
and the next thing we heard Doug Ming

664
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:24,050
was going to Antarctica so we didn't

665
00:29:29,230 --> 00:29:25,910
want to pass up the opportunity to send

666
00:29:31,390 --> 00:29:29,240
Tara down there so he went I guess with

667
00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:31,400
the Phoenix group down to Antarctica in

668
00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:37,250
January and so here he is actually this

669
00:29:41,370 --> 00:29:39,050
instrument worked in negative 20 degree

670
00:29:43,810 --> 00:29:41,380
weather so it's pretty well ruggedized

671
00:29:46,270 --> 00:29:43,820
he'd really didn't have any standing

672
00:29:47,620 --> 00:29:46,280
orders about what to do so we had to

673
00:29:50,290 --> 00:29:47,630
figure it out for himself but he's

674
00:29:52,390 --> 00:29:50,300
actually a pretty sharp guy so he did a

675
00:29:55,570 --> 00:29:52,400
variety of things one of the things he

676
00:29:57,910 --> 00:29:55,580
did he used mineralogy as an in the

677
00:30:00,520 --> 00:29:57,920
field guide to help out the biologists

678
00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:00,530
there look for nematode populations and

679
00:30:04,420 --> 00:30:01,910
that's not probably the first thing you

680
00:30:06,820 --> 00:30:04,430
think of when you think of quantitative

681
00:30:08,710 --> 00:30:06,830
mineralogy but by tracing the

682
00:30:10,540 --> 00:30:08,720
composition of the soil he was actually

683
00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:10,550
able to point them in the direction of

684
00:30:17,530 --> 00:30:14,930
high nematode populations the second

685
00:30:20,860 --> 00:30:17,540
thing that he did is he was able to map

686
00:30:23,020 --> 00:30:20,870
ancient glacial moraines using using

687
00:30:26,140 --> 00:30:23,030
mineralogy in the way he did this is

688
00:30:29,590 --> 00:30:26,150
that the more recent or more recent

689
00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:29,600
moraines had the sodium sulfate minerals

690
00:30:37,030 --> 00:30:33,050
murabba light and thinner dite and the

691
00:30:39,460 --> 00:30:37,040
more ancient ones had gypsum and calcite

692
00:30:41,260 --> 00:30:39,470
carbonate so by just looking at the

693
00:30:43,930 --> 00:30:41,270
compositions of the phases he could

694
00:30:48,160 --> 00:30:43,940
actually map the edges of these angel a

695
00:30:51,130 --> 00:30:48,170
shelter rains down there Philippe

696
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:51,140
Saracen took tear up to British Columbia

697
00:30:56,760 --> 00:30:54,170
to the site location for the meridiani

698
00:30:59,620 --> 00:30:56,770
aight discovery and here it is and

699
00:31:02,350 --> 00:30:59,630
basically this is a frozen lake and

700
00:31:03,910 --> 00:31:02,360
these wooden areas like right here these

701
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:03,920
big log sticking out of here would

702
00:31:10,870 --> 00:31:08,000
actually wick up this this very salty

703
00:31:13,660 --> 00:31:10,880
water and evaporated and the crystals

704
00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:13,670
are found on this wood and and this is

705
00:31:21,670 --> 00:31:16,850
we're ready moretti any height was found

706
00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:21,680
which is a magnesium sulfate 11 with 11

707
00:31:26,950 --> 00:31:23,510
waters it's a very hydrated magnesium

708
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:26,960
sulfate stable below 2 degrees

709
00:31:33,340 --> 00:31:31,010
centigrade well turns out we didn't find

710
00:31:35,740 --> 00:31:33,350
any more a liteon I'm sorry we didn't

711
00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:35,750
find any riddhi Annie aight it was too

712
00:31:41,980 --> 00:31:38,090
warm that year but this was the

713
00:31:44,050 --> 00:31:41,990
composition of some salts we did find

714
00:31:46,510 --> 00:31:44,060
there and lo and behold when these were

715
00:31:48,970 --> 00:31:46,520
taken back to the lab and analyzed two

716
00:31:52,630 --> 00:31:48,980
weeks later none of this stuff was there

717
00:31:54,610 --> 00:31:52,640
so it's I think it's a big take on

718
00:31:56,650 --> 00:31:54,620
message that the things you collect in

719
00:31:58,480 --> 00:31:56,660
the field may not be the things you

720
00:32:02,890 --> 00:31:58,490
analyze when you bring them back to the

721
00:32:04,920 --> 00:32:02,900
laboratory a month later I went to the

722
00:32:10,450 --> 00:32:04,930
University of Hawaii and I worked with

723
00:32:12,940 --> 00:32:10,460
Jeff Taylor and I'm taking tear over to

724
00:32:15,070 --> 00:32:12,950
the Scarab resolve campaign in November

725
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:15,080
so I wanted to work with Jeff on just do

726
00:32:19,690 --> 00:32:16,610
a little dry labbing and figure out what

727
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:19,700
minerals and so forth were present the

728
00:32:23,110 --> 00:32:21,110
first thing Jeff said is well why don't

729
00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:23,120
we try a real lunar sample so he pulled

730
00:32:28,750 --> 00:32:26,090
out a lunar soil sample and we analyzed

731
00:32:31,510 --> 00:32:28,760
it sent it off to one of my co ice Steve

732
00:32:34,060 --> 00:32:31,520
chipra and he sent back a quantitative

733
00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:34,070
analysis and it was just bang on to what

734
00:32:39,640 --> 00:32:37,010
Larry tail Taylor had analyzed by doing

735
00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:39,650
really difficult point counting

736
00:32:45,790 --> 00:32:42,650
techniques ten years earlier so Jeff was

737
00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:45,800
really excited by that so we dropped the

738
00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:47,570
whole project of looking at the Skinner

739
00:32:52,780 --> 00:32:50,090
resolve samples and did nothing but

740
00:32:57,130 --> 00:32:52,790
lunar samples all week so this is a

741
00:33:00,250 --> 00:32:57,140
little graph of a number of samples from

742
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:00,260
the moon that chemin analyzed versus the

743
00:33:04,540 --> 00:33:02,810
same compositions by point counting you

744
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:04,550
can see we did a pretty good job with

745
00:33:08,630 --> 00:33:06,970
the exception of a few examples here of

746
00:33:11,300 --> 00:33:08,640
doing the

747
00:33:13,460 --> 00:33:11,310
a same quality of measurement as this

748
00:33:15,050 --> 00:33:13,470
meticulous point counting that literally

749
00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:15,060
took months and months of people's time

750
00:33:20,180 --> 00:33:17,510
on the earth and the chemin instrument

751
00:33:25,220 --> 00:33:20,190
did this in a matter of a couple of

752
00:33:27,230 --> 00:33:25,230
hours for each analysis I came back and

753
00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:27,240
I'd actually talked with we thank jew

754
00:33:31,900 --> 00:33:29,970
whose from the University of Wisconsin I

755
00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:31,910
talked to him at the astrobiology

756
00:33:37,370 --> 00:33:35,370
workshop here rather the the conference

757
00:33:38,780 --> 00:33:37,380
and he asked if he could borrow this

758
00:33:41,510 --> 00:33:38,790
instrument to go on a field trip to

759
00:33:45,530 --> 00:33:41,520
Canada so I said that would be fine so

760
00:33:47,390 --> 00:33:45,540
when I came back I I flew up to Madison

761
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:47,400
and dropped off the instrument and I

762
00:33:52,910 --> 00:33:50,310
kind of felt like when I left my son off

763
00:33:55,160 --> 00:33:52,920
to his first day of school I got back on

764
00:33:58,430 --> 00:33:55,170
the airplane no instrument no luggage

765
00:34:00,410 --> 00:33:58,440
just got on the plane and left and so we

766
00:34:03,020 --> 00:34:00,420
found we found his students went off

767
00:34:04,460 --> 00:34:03,030
into Canada with this thing and you can

768
00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:04,470
see they went to some very extreme

769
00:34:12,409 --> 00:34:05,970
environments here they were inside a

770
00:34:14,330 --> 00:34:12,419
truckstop bathroom in near sudbury they

771
00:34:20,570 --> 00:34:14,340
needed to recharge the instrument that's

772
00:34:22,550 --> 00:34:20,580
why they went in there anyway so so they

773
00:34:24,590 --> 00:34:22,560
analyzed a whole bunch of samples we've

774
00:34:27,409 --> 00:34:24,600
hang sent me this example of a quarter

775
00:34:29,990 --> 00:34:27,419
green the light thing they got from one

776
00:34:33,110 --> 00:34:30,000
of the banded iron formations and when

777
00:34:36,139 --> 00:34:33,120
they got back to the lab they actually

778
00:34:37,700 --> 00:34:36,149
did some optical microscopy in some tem

779
00:34:41,540 --> 00:34:37,710
and this is actually the Drina light

780
00:34:46,580 --> 00:34:41,550
that was found in the in the xrd from

781
00:34:49,330 --> 00:34:46,590
the field just after that bleep Saracen

782
00:34:52,970 --> 00:34:49,340
took a different terror instrument but

783
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:52,980
over to Rio Tinto Spain and we've been

784
00:34:58,610 --> 00:34:54,810
over there a couple of times and Rio

785
00:35:00,710 --> 00:34:58,620
Tinto is an ancient mine that has a lot

786
00:35:03,140 --> 00:35:00,720
of iron sulfate sulfides and these are

787
00:35:05,660 --> 00:35:03,150
oxidized to these very interesting iron

788
00:35:08,690 --> 00:35:05,670
sulfate hydrates which we believe are on

789
00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:08,700
Mars some examples of which are on Mars

790
00:35:15,020 --> 00:35:12,450
and a lot of these things are all so

791
00:35:17,510 --> 00:35:15,030
ephemeral so what you what you look at

792
00:35:18,970 --> 00:35:17,520
there may not be in the lab so so we

793
00:35:21,370 --> 00:35:18,980
took a chance and one over there

794
00:35:25,109 --> 00:35:21,380
this is Mark gala numark gallon who's a

795
00:35:28,750 --> 00:35:25,119
French scientist who actually did a

796
00:35:30,670 --> 00:35:28,760
theoretical diagram of the erotica model

797
00:35:32,980 --> 00:35:30,680
of the chemin instrument and actually

798
00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:32,990
came up with a with a ray tracing

799
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:35,450
simulation so that we change any part of

800
00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:37,310
the instrument and he'll tell us what it

801
00:35:43,270 --> 00:35:39,970
does at the output with with townson and

802
00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:43,280
and range in full with half max of two

803
00:35:47,020 --> 00:35:45,530
theta so I was real happy to see mark in

804
00:35:49,990 --> 00:35:47,030
the field he's just been a just a

805
00:35:51,970 --> 00:35:50,000
mainstay for our program here's an

806
00:35:53,620 --> 00:35:51,980
example of a couple of things we found

807
00:35:56,050 --> 00:35:53,630
out there or Philippe found rather

808
00:35:58,180 --> 00:35:56,060
there's some hydro knee injera site it

809
00:36:02,970 --> 00:35:58,190
was these are just just on the rocks

810
00:36:07,030 --> 00:36:02,980
here from D hydrated salts there's a

811
00:36:11,310 --> 00:36:07,040
example of copia piden coke invite all

812
00:36:14,830 --> 00:36:11,320
so ephemeral mineral on the rocks there

813
00:36:17,770 --> 00:36:14,840
okay so what's next the reason I'm doing

814
00:36:21,220 --> 00:36:17,780
this is I'm interested in offering this

815
00:36:24,190 --> 00:36:21,230
to anyone in the NAI who who cares to do

816
00:36:27,820 --> 00:36:24,200
this kind of a of a field campaign to do

817
00:36:29,650 --> 00:36:27,830
mineralogy and and the cost to anyone

818
00:36:31,180 --> 00:36:29,660
who wants to do it is just the process

819
00:36:33,609 --> 00:36:31,190
of sending it to you and getting it back

820
00:36:37,390 --> 00:36:33,619
as long as you don't drop it from from a

821
00:36:39,820 --> 00:36:37,400
great height and i found the reason i

822
00:36:41,710 --> 00:36:39,830
can i can say this is we found for the

823
00:36:43,900 --> 00:36:41,720
last year that this is a fairly

824
00:36:46,690 --> 00:36:43,910
user-friendly instrument it's very

825
00:36:49,359 --> 00:36:46,700
robust it seems to produce information

826
00:36:52,930 --> 00:36:49,369
that that is valuable from a wide

827
00:36:55,060 --> 00:36:52,940
variety of other disciplines I've

828
00:36:58,330 --> 00:36:55,070
already got it signed up for the rest of

829
00:36:59,770 --> 00:36:58,340
this year to go various places so it's

830
00:37:02,890 --> 00:36:59,780
going just about a different place every

831
00:37:04,390 --> 00:37:02,900
month starting next year though I'll

832
00:37:07,750 --> 00:37:04,400
have two of these things and I'm willing

833
00:37:11,560 --> 00:37:07,760
to work with whoever wants to to take

834
00:37:14,590 --> 00:37:11,570
this in the field so just to conclude

835
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:14,600
and I hope I have time enough to do a

836
00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:16,010
little demo I actually brought it i'll

837
00:37:22,420 --> 00:37:18,290
show you how you prepare a sample and do

838
00:37:24,520 --> 00:37:22,430
an analysis I think you know Institute

839
00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:24,530
mineralogical analysis is valuable for

840
00:37:29,620 --> 00:37:27,530
astrobiology field campaigns now it's

841
00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:29,630
quite possible for people who aren't

842
00:37:32,860 --> 00:37:31,310
mineralogist to

843
00:37:35,470 --> 00:37:32,870
do mineralogy in the field and i'll show

844
00:37:38,950 --> 00:37:35,480
you how how simple it can be you don't

845
00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:38,960
have to be a mineralogist to do this you

846
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:40,490
should know a bit something it's more

847
00:37:45,790 --> 00:37:43,610
than a toaster and I think this

848
00:37:47,860 --> 00:37:45,800
real-time in situ mineralogy is a new

849
00:37:49,330 --> 00:37:47,870
concept and I think we don't really know

850
00:37:51,160 --> 00:37:49,340
where it's going to go anytime you do

851
00:37:53,470 --> 00:37:51,170
something new you don't know what all

852
00:37:55,170 --> 00:37:53,480
the applications are going to be I had

853
00:37:59,800 --> 00:37:55,180
no idea we would be able to trace

854
00:38:01,120 --> 00:37:59,810
nematode populations in in Antarctica so

855
00:38:04,330 --> 00:38:01,130
you never know what you're going to find

856
00:38:06,910 --> 00:38:04,340
until you try it so that's it and I

857
00:38:08,980 --> 00:38:06,920
wanted to thank all my various funding

858
00:38:11,530 --> 00:38:08,990
I'd hate to tell you how much money I

859
00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:11,540
spent on this but it was just a ton I'd

860
00:38:16,210 --> 00:38:13,970
like to thank NASA for providing me with

861
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:16,220
all that money and also to the chemin

862
00:38:21,490 --> 00:38:18,410
team and to institute incorporated which

863
00:38:22,990 --> 00:38:21,500
is philippe Saracens startup company

864
00:38:28,810 --> 00:38:23,000
which has made all this possible so

865
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:28,820
thanks thank you Dave there is plenty of

866
00:38:35,740 --> 00:38:33,410
time oh so what I suggest is why don't

867
00:38:38,140 --> 00:38:35,750
you go ahead and and get that set up and

868
00:38:40,300 --> 00:38:38,150
if anybody has a question for Dave

869
00:38:42,430 --> 00:38:40,310
during the interim while he's getting

870
00:38:44,530 --> 00:38:42,440
set up this would be a good time to jump

871
00:38:47,260 --> 00:38:44,540
in and you'll have other opportunities

872
00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:47,270
to ask questions as we go along if ever

873
00:39:01,690 --> 00:38:57,070
so here's the instrument about 15

874
00:39:04,590 --> 00:39:01,700
kilograms with batteries and it's got

875
00:39:07,420 --> 00:39:04,600
four hours of life it works off these

876
00:39:11,380 --> 00:39:07,430
laptop batteries and these are

877
00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:11,390
hot-swappable and feel so you can just

878
00:39:15,850 --> 00:39:13,130
take a bunch of batteries and keep

879
00:39:22,210 --> 00:39:15,860
replacing one at a time or you can work

880
00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:22,220
for four hours and and and go home so

881
00:39:29,620 --> 00:39:24,800
let me show you how to to prepare a

882
00:39:32,470 --> 00:39:29,630
sample and load a sample so it's

883
00:39:34,090 --> 00:39:32,480
perfectly safe but you're not going to

884
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:34,100
be x-rayed by this name or that you'll

885
00:39:39,190 --> 00:39:36,610
be x-rayed by your color television set

886
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:39,200
the sample goes in there so I'm going to

887
00:39:45,980 --> 00:39:42,810
start start shaking the sample

888
00:39:48,740 --> 00:39:45,990
here okay I'll show you what the sample

889
00:39:52,520 --> 00:39:48,750
consists of it's basically a tuning fork

890
00:39:54,290 --> 00:39:52,530
arrangement and there are two symmetric

891
00:39:57,380 --> 00:39:54,300
sample holders one on each side so you

892
00:39:59,840 --> 00:39:57,390
fill one and not the other and this is

893
00:40:01,730 --> 00:39:59,850
what we call the ashtray so you just you

894
00:40:05,450 --> 00:40:01,740
put it in here at shakes it just as if

895
00:40:06,470 --> 00:40:05,460
it were in the instrument so what I'm

896
00:40:09,710 --> 00:40:06,480
going to do is I'm going to load a

897
00:40:15,920 --> 00:40:09,720
sample and then start it and i'll show

898
00:40:17,660 --> 00:40:15,930
you how to prepare a sample it's not

899
00:40:20,860 --> 00:40:17,670
always as easy assist you don't always

900
00:40:24,140 --> 00:40:20,870
find a bit of your bit of your fireplace

901
00:40:25,610 --> 00:40:24,150
out in the field that so that's what

902
00:40:29,720 --> 00:40:25,620
this is this is a little bit of my

903
00:40:32,690 --> 00:40:29,730
fireplace so this is a 150 micron mesh

904
00:40:33,950 --> 00:40:32,700
screen and all I'm going to do is I'm

905
00:40:48,500 --> 00:40:33,960
going to take this little drumble tool

906
00:40:54,270 --> 00:40:50,849
and I do this in the lab to it's

907
00:40:55,890 --> 00:40:54,280
actually uh it's a very nice way to get

908
00:40:57,930 --> 00:40:55,900
a micro example of something where

909
00:41:01,200 --> 00:40:57,940
you're you're interested in summarizing

910
00:41:02,910 --> 00:41:01,210
enough not other not another horizon so

911
00:41:07,109 --> 00:41:02,920
whatever goes through the screen will

912
00:41:08,370 --> 00:41:07,119
work with Kevin and I don't know if you

913
00:41:10,890 --> 00:41:08,380
can see inside there but there's a

914
00:41:12,390 --> 00:41:10,900
little bit of material in there not too

915
00:41:18,029 --> 00:41:12,400
much but that's certainly not to do the

916
00:41:29,210 --> 00:41:18,039
job so what I'm going to do is I'm going

917
00:41:35,630 --> 00:41:31,790
this material needs to be fairly dry so

918
00:41:37,670 --> 00:41:35,640
that there is an issue with using what

919
00:41:39,550 --> 00:41:37,680
materials they don't really flow into

920
00:41:44,710 --> 00:41:39,560
the cell very well so that's one of the

921
00:41:46,640 --> 00:41:44,720
one of the things we're working on so I

922
00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:46,650
don't know if you can see that but

923
00:41:50,660 --> 00:41:48,570
there's their grains falling in there

924
00:41:54,320 --> 00:41:50,670
and and now they're being shaken around

925
00:41:58,220 --> 00:41:54,330
and filling the filling this this part

926
00:42:01,190 --> 00:41:58,230
right here okay so that's so that

927
00:42:02,720 --> 00:42:01,200
samples ready to go so now what I'm

928
00:42:08,030 --> 00:42:02,730
going to do is I'm just going to drop it

929
00:42:14,480 --> 00:42:08,040
right in here and I'm going to stop

930
00:42:18,109 --> 00:42:14,490
shaking now from here on out this can

931
00:42:21,380 --> 00:42:18,119
either be run by a computer or or by any

932
00:42:23,780 --> 00:42:21,390
kind of web capable device I like to

933
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:23,790
know I have time I'll show you I can run

934
00:42:29,900 --> 00:42:28,410
it up my Mac iPhone so this is going to

935
00:42:33,650 --> 00:42:29,910
be tough doing this left-handed

936
00:42:35,780 --> 00:42:33,660
backwards let's see okay so this is the

937
00:42:37,670 --> 00:42:35,790
basic there only four commands on the

938
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:37,680
instrument so it's just that easy to use

939
00:42:42,740 --> 00:42:40,290
it you can't make it has to be that way

940
00:42:44,750 --> 00:42:42,750
or I would have messed it up so this is

941
00:42:47,780 --> 00:42:44,760
the where you run everything from the

942
00:42:52,870 --> 00:42:47,790
status menu dis click this arrow say go

943
00:42:59,640 --> 00:42:52,880
and and you have to give it a name and

944
00:43:09,060 --> 00:43:04,880
I'll say Blake's fireplace okay and

945
00:43:11,700 --> 00:43:09,070
start so here and start going here

946
00:43:15,090 --> 00:43:11,710
pretty soon ok so it's vibrating the

947
00:43:18,810 --> 00:43:15,100
sample and the x-ray beams on is taking

948
00:43:20,670 --> 00:43:18,820
an analysis and the status menu here

949
00:43:21,930 --> 00:43:20,680
tells you exactly what it's doing this

950
00:43:23,670 --> 00:43:21,940
isn't this wouldn't be where you'd want

951
00:43:26,790 --> 00:43:23,680
to look all the time but just to make

952
00:43:30,300 --> 00:43:26,800
sure things are doing okay to look at

953
00:43:35,520 --> 00:43:30,310
the data you go to the data point here

954
00:43:37,470 --> 00:43:35,530
the little data flag and since this is

955
00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:37,480
this is actually talking to a computer

956
00:43:41,220 --> 00:43:39,490
that's running a web interface so you're

957
00:43:44,150 --> 00:43:41,230
actually talking through the computer to

958
00:43:46,380 --> 00:43:44,160
another computer that's running the web

959
00:43:48,480 --> 00:43:46,390
okay there's there's the first pattern

960
00:43:49,680 --> 00:43:48,490
and not I have no idea if you can all

961
00:43:58,410 --> 00:43:49,690
right you know what I can I can hook

962
00:44:03,210 --> 00:43:58,420
that up here I can now turn this to in

963
00:44:20,730 --> 00:44:03,220
my direction Oh which oh ok well I'll

964
00:44:36,039 --> 00:44:23,340
so I close this and open it to make it

965
00:44:41,410 --> 00:44:38,819
okay so basically a pattern is

966
00:44:45,130 --> 00:44:41,420
developing what what this thing does is

967
00:44:47,650 --> 00:44:45,140
every 10 seconds it exposes the CCD well

968
00:44:51,669 --> 00:44:47,660
there we go okay now I get to use my

969
00:44:54,189 --> 00:44:51,679
real laser pointer so basically every

970
00:44:57,130 --> 00:44:54,199
now it's done six exposure so far every

971
00:44:58,799 --> 00:44:57,140
10 seconds it collects another analysis

972
00:45:03,390 --> 00:44:58,809
and sums it into the one you're seeing

973
00:45:06,419 --> 00:45:03,400
now that this does do x-ray fluorescence

974
00:45:15,309 --> 00:45:06,429
and if you want to do x-ray fluorescence

975
00:45:16,870 --> 00:45:15,319
you go to X or up so this shows you the

976
00:45:19,059 --> 00:45:16,880
x-ray fluorescence pattern that's been

977
00:45:22,660 --> 00:45:19,069
generated and what you see is there's

978
00:45:25,719 --> 00:45:22,670
the cobalt of K alpha K beta from the

979
00:45:26,559 --> 00:45:25,729
two there is a little bit of iron in

980
00:45:31,179 --> 00:45:26,569
here I don't know where they aren't

981
00:45:34,120 --> 00:45:31,189
coming from there's calcium maybe I

982
00:45:40,329 --> 00:45:37,120
oh this is going in but you can see the

983
00:45:42,490 --> 00:45:40,339
calcium peak so it gives you an idea you

984
00:45:45,759 --> 00:45:42,500
might be seeing my fireplace is just

985
00:45:49,120 --> 00:45:45,769
made out of calcite can't go back to

986
00:45:50,589 --> 00:45:49,130
x-ray diffraction mode now 11 feature

987
00:45:53,079 --> 00:45:50,599
this is you don't even need to have a

988
00:45:55,960 --> 00:45:53,089
computer to go in the field this thing

989
00:45:59,440 --> 00:45:55,970
will collect everything just from the

990
00:46:01,420 --> 00:45:59,450
front panel and here's a here's

991
00:46:03,999 --> 00:46:01,430
everything that this is every selected

992
00:46:06,579 --> 00:46:04,009
it has a big hard drive on here and so

993
00:46:09,099 --> 00:46:06,589
every pattern has ever been affected by

994
00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:09,109
this instrument is stored every single

995
00:46:13,630 --> 00:46:10,910
image from every pattern so everything

996
00:46:16,539 --> 00:46:13,640
can be re calculated later on if you

997
00:46:23,579 --> 00:46:16,549
ponder some mistake I can go down here

998
00:46:30,209 --> 00:46:26,969
there's the opal CT that I showed you in

999
00:46:34,349 --> 00:46:30,219
my it's the opal CT pattern that i

1000
00:46:36,089 --> 00:46:34,359
showed you that was taken March 22nd so

1001
00:46:37,469 --> 00:46:36,099
all the data is resident in the

1002
00:46:39,150 --> 00:46:37,479
instrument so you don't really have to

1003
00:46:42,589 --> 00:46:39,160
take computer in the field but if you

1004
00:46:46,589 --> 00:46:42,599
want to do analyses in the field you do

1005
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:46,599
now I can also run this from my from my

1006
00:46:54,010 --> 00:47:02,099
and so if I go to data

1007
00:47:02,109 --> 00:47:08,390
okay so i'm going to change this to xrl

1008
00:47:12,120 --> 00:47:10,470
well this is kind of a part of it I

1009
00:47:16,799 --> 00:47:12,130
really want to show you the real deal

1010
00:47:19,890 --> 00:47:16,809
okay so here's it so here's the xrd

1011
00:47:22,140 --> 00:47:19,900
pattern now this is a perfectly a

1012
00:47:25,890 --> 00:47:22,150
pattern analyzed right now so let's why

1013
00:47:29,400 --> 00:47:25,900
don't we do that mean so yes this is a

1014
00:47:32,460 --> 00:47:29,410
weak point with consoling a we we cannot

1015
00:47:36,509 --> 00:47:32,470
see you we try all kinds of a method and

1016
00:47:38,970 --> 00:47:36,519
no child too okay actually need a

1017
00:47:41,640 --> 00:47:38,980
question for you Dave okay I'm tones are

1018
00:47:45,269 --> 00:47:41,650
going to take the mark the Mars machine

1019
00:47:50,269 --> 00:47:45,279
to do this to load a sample and I'm not

1020
00:47:54,269 --> 00:47:50,279
it good question a lot slower than this

1021
00:47:57,029 --> 00:47:54,279
basically the 11 MSL gets to an outcrop

1022
00:47:59,130 --> 00:47:57,039
it's probably going to be six days to a

1023
00:48:02,549 --> 00:47:59,140
week to do a full workup if everything

1024
00:48:05,130 --> 00:48:02,559
works fine and for it will go through

1025
00:48:07,979 --> 00:48:05,140
all the remote sensing the contact

1026
00:48:09,660 --> 00:48:07,989
instrument stuff there will be you know

1027
00:48:12,809 --> 00:48:09,670
ground in the loop to figure out what to

1028
00:48:15,450 --> 00:48:12,819
do next will decide to collect a sample

1029
00:48:18,720 --> 00:48:15,460
or not that sample is collected by the

1030
00:48:20,099 --> 00:48:18,730
drill the news the new drill is actually

1031
00:48:23,460 --> 00:48:20,109
a percussion drill there's no pressure

1032
00:48:26,249 --> 00:48:23,470
on MSL now so it thrills and crushes a

1033
00:48:31,079 --> 00:48:26,259
sample it's sieve and then that sample

1034
00:48:32,819 --> 00:48:31,089
is delivered to Kevin and Sam and that

1035
00:48:35,099 --> 00:48:32,829
whole process will probably take four or

1036
00:48:38,220 --> 00:48:35,109
five or maybe six days and on the last

1037
00:48:41,309 --> 00:48:38,230
day or two then Sam where Kevin will do

1038
00:48:42,970 --> 00:48:41,319
an analysis we analyzed at night because

1039
00:48:46,300 --> 00:48:42,980
it's colder and that's what we

1040
00:48:49,120 --> 00:48:46,310
like to have we expect that we may take

1041
00:48:51,730 --> 00:48:49,130
as long as 10 hours to do a single

1042
00:48:54,550 --> 00:48:51,740
analysis depending on how complex the

1043
00:48:55,870 --> 00:48:54,560
material is for obvious reasons we

1044
00:48:58,000 --> 00:48:55,880
wanted to make this thing a lot faster

1045
00:48:59,950 --> 00:48:58,010
than MSL because you don't want to sit

1046
00:49:02,530 --> 00:48:59,960
there for two days waiting for the

1047
00:49:05,980 --> 00:49:02,540
result so this is about I would say 20

1048
00:49:09,700 --> 00:49:05,990
time 25 times faster to that enough msl

1049
00:49:12,580 --> 00:49:09,710
is so yeah I'll take a probably to two

1050
00:49:15,040 --> 00:49:12,590
nights of data and and that'll give us

1051
00:49:18,910 --> 00:49:15,050
what we're seeing here you go in about

1052
00:49:21,670 --> 00:49:18,920
two or three hours with dave is there

1053
00:49:24,040 --> 00:49:21,680
anything that we've learned about the

1054
00:49:28,840 --> 00:49:24,050
properties of the soil from mars phoenix

1055
00:49:31,240 --> 00:49:28,850
that leads you to consider any changes

1056
00:49:33,820 --> 00:49:31,250
or any aspects of the way you're

1057
00:49:37,359 --> 00:49:33,830
requiring a sample and getting it in the

1058
00:49:39,490 --> 00:49:37,369
instrument on MSL um a lot of that stuff

1059
00:49:41,710 --> 00:49:39,500
yeah good yeah that's that's a great

1060
00:49:44,710 --> 00:49:41,720
question we're really thinking a lot

1061
00:49:46,750 --> 00:49:44,720
about that now well Doug man who's on my

1062
00:49:49,359 --> 00:49:46,760
team it's also one of the Phoenix guys

1063
00:49:51,010 --> 00:49:49,369
so and he's a soil scientist so we're

1064
00:49:54,730 --> 00:49:51,020
we're puzzling over some of those

1065
00:49:58,510 --> 00:49:54,740
results my first answer is let Sam try

1066
00:50:02,260 --> 00:49:58,520
it first then we'll do it and the thing

1067
00:50:04,240 --> 00:50:02,270
that I'm mostly worried about is some of

1068
00:50:06,220 --> 00:50:04,250
my other co eyes day vanaman Dave fish

1069
00:50:08,170 --> 00:50:06,230
and Steve chipra have done a lot of work

1070
00:50:11,380 --> 00:50:08,180
on iron sulfate hydrates and these

1071
00:50:13,480 --> 00:50:11,390
things are real nasty things some of

1072
00:50:15,130 --> 00:50:13,490
these things can can when you warm them

1073
00:50:17,950 --> 00:50:15,140
up they'll go through a liquid phase

1074
00:50:20,410 --> 00:50:17,960
make a slurry and then lose water and

1075
00:50:21,820 --> 00:50:20,420
turn into cement so we certainly don't

1076
00:50:26,599 --> 00:50:21,830
want that in our funnel when we're

1077
00:50:31,700 --> 00:50:28,729
what I would like to do is have a wait

1078
00:50:34,700 --> 00:50:31,710
and see thing to just watch the property

1079
00:50:37,099 --> 00:50:34,710
stuff before we do anything I know you

1080
00:50:39,680 --> 00:50:37,109
know Sam wants to and so do i want to

1081
00:50:41,660 --> 00:50:39,690
see exactly what's there but I want to

1082
00:50:43,970 --> 00:50:41,670
be a little cautious in the beginning to

1083
00:50:45,559 --> 00:50:43,980
make sure we don't force them cemented

1084
00:50:52,729 --> 00:50:45,569
in our funnel one that will be the end

1085
00:50:54,410 --> 00:50:52,739
of it okay any more questions or okay

1086
00:50:56,870 --> 00:50:54,420
i'll show you how we how we analyze this

1087
00:50:58,970 --> 00:50:56,880
there's so you see there's a there's a

1088
00:51:01,509 --> 00:50:58,980
very nice pretty nice diffraction

1089
00:51:06,349 --> 00:51:01,519
pattern developing so i'm going to go to

1090
00:51:08,380 --> 00:51:06,359
files and i'm going to download one of

1091
00:51:11,960 --> 00:51:08,390
these patterns so i'm going to download

1092
00:51:13,489 --> 00:51:11,970
the k alpha pattern right here and what

1093
00:51:15,589 --> 00:51:13,499
I'm doing right now is I'm taking it off

1094
00:51:17,269 --> 00:51:15,599
the computer on the instrument and

1095
00:51:22,940 --> 00:51:17,279
bringing it on to the computer that's

1096
00:51:25,039 --> 00:51:22,950
onto this computer okay and I brought

1097
00:51:26,839 --> 00:51:25,049
down a format which is compatible with a

1098
00:51:30,079 --> 00:51:26,849
commercial program which I have on this

1099
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:30,089
machine so so here we go we're opening

1100
00:51:36,620 --> 00:51:33,210
up this materials data J program there's

1101
00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:36,630
the very same pattern in Jade i also

1102
00:51:41,390 --> 00:51:39,930
have and i'll have the j program which

1103
00:51:43,880 --> 00:51:41,400
is a search match and quantitative

1104
00:51:46,489 --> 00:51:43,890
analysis program but also I have the I

1105
00:51:48,259 --> 00:51:46,499
CBD powder file which is which is the

1106
00:51:49,870 --> 00:51:48,269
powder complete powder file of all the

1107
00:51:52,609 --> 00:51:49,880
minerals that are that are known

1108
00:51:56,720 --> 00:51:52,619
resident on the machine so the first

1109
00:51:59,059 --> 00:51:56,730
thing I would do is go to search match

1110
00:52:01,819 --> 00:51:59,069
and say I want to look in the minerals

1111
00:52:08,630 --> 00:52:01,829
files to see what this is until it to go

1112
00:52:09,710 --> 00:52:08,640
and it asked me a few questions and well

1113
00:52:14,960 --> 00:52:09,720
there you go looks like Blake's

1114
00:52:18,499 --> 00:52:14,970
fireplace it's calcite so that was kind

1115
00:52:21,229 --> 00:52:18,509
of a trivial example but it'll do the

1116
00:52:22,940 --> 00:52:21,239
same with complex things I wanted to

1117
00:52:29,479 --> 00:52:22,950
give myself something easy so I didn't

1118
00:52:32,720 --> 00:52:29,489
screw it up question yes this is John it

1119
00:52:35,509 --> 00:52:32,730
aims it's a great instrument have you

1120
00:52:37,700 --> 00:52:35,519
thought about missions beyond MSL for

1121
00:52:39,440 --> 00:52:37,710
example sending it on some small

1122
00:52:42,440 --> 00:52:39,450
spacecraft to go and check out some of

1123
00:52:46,460 --> 00:52:42,450
the near-earth asteroids absolutely

1124
00:52:48,019 --> 00:52:46,470
we're actually working on yeah that one

1125
00:52:52,819 --> 00:52:48,029
thing we have to do is make it smaller

1126
00:52:55,609 --> 00:52:52,829
and we actually are building a shoebox

1127
00:52:57,049 --> 00:52:55,619
sized instrument now and which we're

1128
00:53:00,759 --> 00:52:57,059
going to take down the scare of resolve

1129
00:53:03,019 --> 00:53:00,769
campaign and it literally is it's about

1130
00:53:05,120 --> 00:53:03,029
it's half the size of this so we're

1131
00:53:08,150 --> 00:53:05,130
getting down to something we think can

1132
00:53:11,210 --> 00:53:08,160
be run on smaller missions we're

1133
00:53:13,940 --> 00:53:11,220
shooting for five kilograms about

1134
00:53:16,400 --> 00:53:13,950
shoebox-sized and that includes an

1135
00:53:18,559 --> 00:53:16,410
automatic sample delivery system so the

1136
00:53:21,589 --> 00:53:18,569
you poor crushed material in there it'll

1137
00:53:23,809 --> 00:53:21,599
it'll sort it into the left plus 150

1138
00:53:26,059 --> 00:53:23,819
micron material and deliver that to the

1139
00:53:28,460 --> 00:53:26,069
sample holder so we're we have that

1140
00:53:30,940 --> 00:53:28,470
design we're building it and actually

1141
00:53:34,249 --> 00:53:30,950
have a couple proposals in right now to

1142
00:53:36,859 --> 00:53:34,259
do something like that but yeah I'm

1143
00:53:38,809 --> 00:53:36,869
hopeful we can go to this is just a

1144
00:53:42,410 --> 00:53:38,819
general purpose instrumented it's been

1145
00:53:44,420 --> 00:53:42,420
proposed for a variety places already my

1146
00:53:46,279 --> 00:53:44,430
first proposal was pretty much paper

1147
00:53:48,220 --> 00:53:46,289
where that was funny they did the old

1148
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:48,230
sham wholly-owned for the

1149
00:53:53,590 --> 00:53:50,510
was that a mission I proposed this in

1150
00:53:54,880 --> 00:53:53,600
1992 with barely more than a napkin

1151
00:53:57,040 --> 00:53:54,890
drawing they were lucky they didn't

1152
00:54:05,680 --> 00:53:57,050
choose me but yeah I've been trying

1153
00:54:08,080 --> 00:54:05,690
variety things I heard it which is a

1154
00:54:10,510 --> 00:54:08,090
walk-in able to really my need to

1155
00:54:13,710 --> 00:54:10,520
exercise on my family man instantly

1156
00:54:19,510 --> 00:54:13,720
something that's under tension is

1157
00:54:22,150 --> 00:54:19,520
building her basically that the

1158
00:54:24,810 --> 00:54:22,160
beginning of it was a dang I wish I had

1159
00:54:29,320 --> 00:54:24,820
brought this you know I figured this out

1160
00:54:31,359 --> 00:54:29,330
when I was a postdoc and I used to go

1161
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:31,369
use his carbon code or over in another

1162
00:54:36,240 --> 00:54:33,410
building and there were all these gave I

1163
00:54:39,460 --> 00:54:36,250
think repeating the question I I see

1164
00:54:42,310 --> 00:54:39,470
somebody but rachel is what concert it

1165
00:54:44,260 --> 00:54:42,320
was what kinds of technologies were were

1166
00:54:48,460 --> 00:54:44,270
useful or were necessary to make this

1167
00:54:50,710 --> 00:54:48,470
small okay yeah I came up with this idea

1168
00:54:52,270 --> 00:54:50,720
when I was a postdoc at Ames and I and I

1169
00:54:54,880 --> 00:54:52,280
was running rummaging through a bunch of

1170
00:54:57,520 --> 00:54:54,890
drawers of stuff and I found this little

1171
00:55:00,970 --> 00:54:57,530
x-ray camera from the 40s to film

1172
00:55:03,580 --> 00:55:00,980
cameras called a micro focus camera and

1173
00:55:06,520 --> 00:55:03,590
it's about the size of a large orange

1174
00:55:08,230 --> 00:55:06,530
and so that was my goal to make

1175
00:55:12,580 --> 00:55:08,240
something electronic that would be that

1176
00:55:14,770 --> 00:55:12,590
side so the first component we worked on

1177
00:55:16,990 --> 00:55:14,780
was the camera and the camera we got

1178
00:55:20,500 --> 00:55:17,000
down to about this size not in cap not

1179
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:20,510
counted electronics the real issue was

1180
00:55:28,120 --> 00:55:24,410
the x-ray tube and power supplies are

1181
00:55:30,609 --> 00:55:28,130
just a tough business and so we now have

1182
00:55:32,440 --> 00:55:30,619
power supplies that we didn't we didn't

1183
00:55:35,020 --> 00:55:32,450
make that they were made by a commercial

1184
00:55:38,140 --> 00:55:35,030
like oxford instruments that are all

1185
00:55:40,300 --> 00:55:38,150
about this size way about half a

1186
00:55:42,849 --> 00:55:40,310
kilogram so we're getting much better in

1187
00:55:44,530 --> 00:55:42,859
that regard and i would say mostly you

1188
00:55:47,200 --> 00:55:44,540
know once we get the geometry which is a

1189
00:55:49,990 --> 00:55:47,210
which is the compact geometry we needed

1190
00:55:52,290 --> 00:55:50,000
to make the cameras small and then make

1191
00:55:54,670 --> 00:55:52,300
the x-ray too small a power supply so

1192
00:55:58,150 --> 00:55:54,680
we're obviously getting going in the

1193
00:55:59,859 --> 00:55:58,160
right direction i'm hoping to get it

1194
00:56:01,810 --> 00:55:59,869
smaller than five kilograms i don't know

1195
00:56:04,750 --> 00:56:01,820
if we're going to get there certainly a

1196
00:56:12,190 --> 00:56:04,760
little bit but not not one not two but

1197
00:56:19,559 --> 00:56:12,200
maybe three are there any other

1198
00:56:28,079 --> 00:56:21,660
well if not let's thank our speaker

1199
00:56:31,819 --> 00:56:28,089
again reminder of index director seven

1200
00:56:35,069 --> 00:56:31,829
RPG at the end of September will be on

1201
00:56:36,959 --> 00:56:35,079
September 29th and it will be norm sleep

1202
00:56:39,870 --> 00:56:36,969
telling us about the habitability of

1203
00:56:41,670 --> 00:56:39,880
super Earths so thanks everybody and